We read the whole gene, end to end.

The evidence base

GutID reports are interpreted against published literature. This page lists that literature in full — the papers cited in the back of the report, with a short note on what each one covers.

The evidence base

The research behind the recommendations

Every GutID report is interpreted against published literature, and this is that literature — the 94 papers cited in the back of the report. They cover how gut bacteria relate to the systems a report reads, and what is known about diet, supplements and medication changing the gut community.

Each entry carries a short note on what the paper covers and what kind of study it is, so you can judge how far to lean on it before you go and read it.

Mechanism and clinical context 49 papers

How gut bacteria relate to the systems a report covers — the gut axes, inflammation, metabolism, and the conditions each axis is associated with. This is the group behind the interpretation, rather than the recommendations.

  1. Ahmad Al Samarraie et al. (2023) Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), 5420-5420. doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065420

    Reviews the gut microbiome's proposed role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Gut–heart axis.

  2. Avery et al. (2021) The Gut Microbiome in Hypertension. Circulation Research, 128(7), 934-950. doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.121.318065

    Review of the gut microbiome in high blood pressure. Gut–heart axis.

  3. Bardacke et al. (2023) The Long-Term Effects of a Low–Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols Diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Management. Current Developments in Nutrition, 7(10), 101997. doi.org/10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101997

    Examines longer-term outcomes of the low-FODMAP diet in IBS management.

  4. Barlow & Mathur (2022) Type 2 Diabetes and the Microbiome. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 7(2), bvac184. doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac184

    Review of the microbiome in type 2 diabetes. Gut–metabolism axis.

  5. Bartolomaeus et al. (2019) Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate Protects From Hypertensive Cardiovascular Damage. Circulation, 139(11), 1407-1421. doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.036652

    Experimental study of the short-chain fatty acid propionate in hypertensive cardiovascular damage.

  6. Bleibel et al. (2023) Deciphering psychobiotics’ mechanism of action: bacterial extracellular vesicles in the spotlight. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211447

    Reviews how psychobiotics might act, focusing on bacterial extracellular vesicles. Gut–brain axis.

  7. Cantero et al. (2022) Trimethylamine N-oxide reduction is related to probiotic strain specificity: A systematic review. Nutrition Research, 104, 29-35. doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.001

    Systematic review of TMAO and probiotic strain specificity — relevant to how TMAO is reported.

  8. Dior et al. (2016) Interplay between bile acid metabolism and microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 28(9), 1330-1340. doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12829

    Studies bile acid metabolism alongside gut bacteria in IBS.

  9. Duranti et al. (2020) Bifidobacterium adolescentis as a key member of the human gut microbiota in the production of GABA. Scientific Reports, 10. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70986-z

    Examines a named organism's part in GABA production. Underpins how neurotransmitter-related organisms are read.

  10. Evans et al. (2023) The dietary source of trimethylamine N-oxide and clinical outcomes: an unexpected liaison. Ndt Plus, 16(11), 1804-1812. doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfad095

    Looks at where dietary TMAO comes from and how it relates to clinical outcomes.

  11. Gehrig et al. (2022) Finding the right fit: evaluation of short-read and long-read sequencing approaches to maximize the utility of clinical microbiome data. Microbial Genomics, 8(3). doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000794

    Independent comparison of short-read and long-read sequencing for clinical microbiome work. This is the paper the Titan-1 comparison table draws on.

  12. Grabrucker et al. (2023) Microbiota from Alzheimer’s patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain, 146(12). doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae208

    Transfer study testing whether microbiota from Alzheimer's patients affect cognition in animals. Gut–brain axis.

  13. Hamamah et al. (2022) Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Dopaminergic Signaling. Biomedicines, 10(2), 436. doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020436

    Reviews the gut–brain axis in dopamine signaling.

  14. Hill et al. (2014) Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(8), 506-514. doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66

    The ISAPP consensus definition of "probiotic". This is the definition the report uses.

  15. Hossain et al. (2022) B Vitamins and Their Roles in Gut Health. Microorganisms, 10(6), 1168. doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061168

    Reviews B vitamins in gut health, including bacterial synthesis.

  16. Koponen et al. (2021) Associations of healthy food choices with gut microbiota profiles. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(2), 605-616. doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab077

    Population study relating healthy food choices to gut community profiles.

  17. Leite et al. (2019) Optimizing microbiome sequencing for small intestinal aspirates: validation of novel techniques through the REIMAGINE study. BMC Microbiology, 19(1). doi.org/10.1186/s12866-019-1617-1

    Methods work on sequencing small intestinal aspirates — relevant to what stool can and cannot show about the small intestine.

  18. Li et al. (2019) Effects of regulating gut microbiota on the serotonin metabolism in the chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model. Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 31(10), e13677. doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13677

    Rat model study of gut bacteria and serotonin metabolism under chronic stress. Gut–brain axis.

  19. Li et al. (2023) Gut Barrier Dysfunction and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 27(7), 1466-1472. doi.org/10.1007/s11605-023-05654-4

    Examines barrier dysfunction and bacterial LPS in colorectal cancer. Background to how barrier and LPS-bearing organisms are reported.

  20. Li et al. (2021) New Insights Into Gut-Bacteria-Derived Indole and Its Derivatives in Intestinal and Liver Diseases. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.769501

    Reviews bacterially produced indole compounds in intestinal and liver disease.

  21. Li et al. (2022) Gut bacterial profiles in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 28(9), 1359-1372. doi.org/10.1111/cns.13990

    Systematic review of gut bacterial profiles reported in Parkinson's disease.

  22. Liccardo et al. (2020) Potential Bidirectional Relationship Between Periodontitis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 11(11). doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00683

    Reviews a possible two-way link between gum disease and Alzheimer's — context for oral-origin organisms found in the gut.

  23. Liu & Dai (2020) Trimethylamine N-Oxide Generated by the Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Vascular Inflammation: New Insights into Atherosclerosis. Mediators of Inflammation, 2020, 1-15. doi.org/10.1155/2020/4634172

    Reviews bacterially generated TMAO in relation to vascular inflammation.

  24. Magne et al. (2020) The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients? Nutrients, 12(5), 1474. doi.org/10.3390/nu12051474

    Questions how much weight the F/B ratio should carry as a dysbiosis marker. Directly relevant to how the report presents that ratio.

  25. Maini Rekdal et al. (2019) Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism. Science, 364(6445), eaau6323. doi.org/10.1126/science.aau6323

    Identifies a gut bacterial pathway that metabolizes levodopa — a worked example of bacteria altering a drug.

  26. Martín et al. (2013) Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Microbial Cell Factories, 12(1), 71. doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-12-71

    Reviews commensal and probiotic organisms in health, focused on IBD.

  27. Mazur et al. (2023) The Intestinal and Skin Microbiome in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Their Influence on the Course of the Disease: A Literature Review. Healthcare, 11(5), 766. doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11050766

    Literature review covering both gut and skin communities in atopic dermatitis. Gut–immune axis and skin.

  28. Mittal et al. (2017) Neurotransmitters: The Critical Modulators Regulating Gut-Brain Axis. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 232(9), 2359-2372. doi.org/10.1002/jcp.25518

    Reviews neurotransmitters as the mediators of the gut–brain axis.

  29. Monteagudo-Mera et al. (2022) Gamma aminobutyric acid production by commercially available probiotic strains. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 134(2). doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxac066

    Tests GABA production across commercially available probiotic strains — relevant when a specific supplement is being considered.

  30. Naomi et al. (2021) Probiotics for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14(1), 20. doi.org/10.3390/nu14010020

    Systematic review of probiotic studies in Alzheimer's disease.

  31. Nikolaki et al. (2023) The Low-FODMAP Diet, IBS, and BCFAs: Exploring the Positive, Negative, and Less Desirable Aspects—A Literature Review. Microorganisms, 11(10), 2387-2387. doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102387

    Reviews the low-FODMAP diet in IBS including its drawbacks — useful when a report suggests it.

  32. O’Donnell et al. (2023) The gut microbiome and hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 19. doi.org/10.1038/s41581-022-00654-0

    Review of the gut microbiome in hypertension. Gut–heart axis.

  33. Obrenovich et al. (2023) Natural Product Co-Metabolism and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis in Age-Related Diseases. Life, 13(1), 41. doi.org/10.3390/life13010041

    Reviews host–bacteria co-metabolism of natural products along the gut–brain axis in aging.

  34. Onaolapo & Onaolapo (2021) Glutamate and depression: Reflecting a deepening knowledge of the gut and brain effects of a ubiquitous molecule. World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(7), 297-315. doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i7.297

    Reviews glutamate across gut and brain in depression.

  35. Pferschy-Wenzig et al. (2022) Medicinal Plants and Their Impact on the Gut Microbiome in Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 14(10), 2111. doi.org/10.3390/nu14102111

    Systematic review of medicinal plants, the gut community and mental health.

  36. Pimentel et al. (2020) ACG Clinical Guideline. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 115(2), 165-178. doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000501

    American College of Gastroenterology clinical guideline on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. A guideline, not a study.

  37. Qiu et al. (2022) The Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 733992. doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.733992

    Review of the gut community in inflammatory bowel disease.

  38. Romano et al. (2021) Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. npj Parkinson’s Disease, 7(1). doi.org/10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z

    Meta-analysis pooling gut microbiome datasets in Parkinson's disease.

  39. Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2022) The dietary treatment of histamine intolerance reduces the abundance of some histamine-secreting bacteria of the gut microbiota in histamine intolerant women: A pilot study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1018463

    Pilot study of a low-histamine diet and histamine-secreting gut bacteria. Small, and described as a pilot.

  40. Sarmiento-Andrade et al. (2022) Gut microbiota and obesity: New insights. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1018212

    Review of the gut community in obesity. Gut–metabolism axis.

  41. Satish Kumar et al. (2022) Probiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a Review of Their Therapeutic Role. Cureus, 14(4). doi.org/10.7759/cureus.24240

    Reviews the therapeutic role studied for probiotics in IBS.

  42. Singh et al. (2023) Desulfovibrio in the Gut: The Enemy within? Microorganisms, 11(7), 1772. doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071772

    Reviews the genus Desulfovibrio and the case for and against treating it as harmful.

  43. Strandwitz (2018) Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota. Brain Research, 1693(Pt B), 128-133. doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.015

    Reviews how gut bacteria produce and modulate neurotransmitters. Foundational for the gut–brain section.

  44. Varesi et al. (2022) The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment. Nutrients, 14(3), 668. doi.org/10.3390/nu14030668

    Reviews the gut community in Alzheimer's disease across diagnosis and treatment.

  45. Vijayvargiya et al. (2018) Bile Acid Deficiency in a Subgroup of Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation Based on Biomarkers in Serum and Fecal Samples. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(4), 522-527. doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.039

    Identifies a bile-acid-deficient subgroup within constipation-predominant IBS.

  46. Wallen et al. (2022) Metagenomics of Parkinson’s disease implicates the gut microbiome in multiple disease mechanisms. Nature Communications, 13(1). doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34667-x

    Large metagenomic study of the gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease.

  47. Yu et al. (2021) Lactobacillus lactis and Pediococcus pentosaceus‐driven reprogramming of gut microbiome and metabolome ameliorates the progression of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 11(12). doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.634

    Experimental study of two named strains in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

  48. Zhai et al. (2022) Probiotics Bring New Hope for Atherosclerosis Prevention and Treatment. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022, 1-13. doi.org/10.1155/2022/3900835

    Reviews probiotics in atherosclerosis prevention and treatment.

  49. Zhang et al. (2023) Vitamin D alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via restoring gut microbiota and metabolism. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14. doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117644

    Experimental study of vitamin D in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, via the gut community.

Food, nutrients and diet 27 papers

What the literature covers on fiber, prebiotics, polyphenols, fermented foods and whole dietary patterns changing the gut community. This is the group behind most dietary recommendations in a report.

  1. Attaye et al. (2021) The Role of the Gut Microbiota on the Beneficial Effects of Ketogenic Diets. Nutrients, 14(1), 191. doi.org/10.3390/nu14010191

    Reviews the gut microbiota's role in how ketogenic diets act.

  2. Beane et al. (2021) Effects of dietary fibers, micronutrients, and phytonutrients on gut microbiome: a review. Applied Biological Chemistry, 64(1), 36. doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00605-6

    Broad review of fibers, micronutrients and phytonutrients as inputs to the gut community.

  3. Carlson et al. (2018) Health Effects and Sources of Prebiotic Dietary Fiber. Current Developments in Nutrition, 2(3). doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzy005

    Covers what counts as a prebiotic fiber, where it is found, and the health effects studied.

  4. Conz et al. (2023) Effect of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 15(8), 1869. doi.org/10.3390/nu15081869

    Reviews the evidence on non-nutritive sweeteners and gut bacterial composition.

  5. Creedon et al. (2020) Nuts and their Effect on Gut Microbiota, Gut Function and Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12(8), 2347. doi.org/10.3390/nu12082347

    Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of nut intake, covering composition, gut function and symptoms.

  6. Cronin et al. (2021) Dietary Fiber Modulates the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients, 13(5), 1655. doi.org/10.3390/nu13051655

    Review of how dietary fiber acts on gut community composition.

  7. Dimidi et al. (2019) Fermented Foods: Definitions and Characteristics, Impact on the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Gastrointestinal Health and Disease. Nutrients, 11(8), 1806. doi.org/10.3390/nu11081806

    Defines what fermented foods are and reviews their studied effects on the gut and GI health.

  8. Dobranowski & Stintzi (2021) Resistant starch, microbiome, and precision modulation. Gut Microbes, 13(1), 1926842. doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2021.1926842

    Reviews resistant starch as a targeted way to shift the gut community.

  9. García-Montero et al. (2021) Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota–Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease. Nutrients, 13(2), 699. doi.org/10.3390/nu13020699

    Compares Western and Mediterranean dietary patterns at the point where the gut community meets the immune system.

  10. Hanes et al. (2022) The gastrointestinal and microbiome impact of a resistant starch blend from potato, banana, and apple fibers: A randomized clinical trial using smart caps. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.987216

    Randomized clinical trial of a resistant starch blend, measuring both GI and microbiome outcomes.

  11. Kok et al. (2022) Predicting Personalized Responses to Dietary Fiber Interventions: Opportunities for Modulation of the Gut Microbiome to Improve Health. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 14, 157-182. doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-015516

    Reviews why fiber interventions work differently in different people, and what predicts the response.

  12. Kumar Singh et al. (2019) Beneficial Effects of Dietary Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota and Strategies to Improve Delivery Efficiency. Nutrients, 11(9), 2216. doi.org/10.3390/nu11092216

    Reviews dietary polyphenols and the gut community, including the practical problem of delivery.

  13. Leeuwendaal et al. (2022) Fermented Foods, Health and the Gut Microbiome. Nutrients, 14(7), 1527. doi.org/10.3390/nu14071527

    Review of fermented foods in relation to the gut microbiome and health.

  14. Machate et al. (2020) Fatty Acid Diets: Regulation of Gut Microbiota Composition and Obesity and Its Related Metabolic Dysbiosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(11), 4093. doi.org/10.3390/ijms21114093

    Reviews dietary fat composition in relation to the gut community and metabolic dysbiosis.

  15. Muralidharan et al. (2021) Effect on gut microbiota of a 1-y lifestyle intervention with Mediterranean diet compared with energy-reduced Mediterranean diet and physical activity promotion: PREDIMED-Plus Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(3), 1148-1158. doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab150

    A one-year randomized lifestyle intervention comparing two Mediterranean-diet arms, with gut composition as an outcome.

  16. Newsome et al. (2023) Western diet influences on microbiome and carcinogenesis. Seminars in Immunology, 67, 101756. doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2023.101756

    Reviews the Western dietary pattern in relation to the microbiome and cancer development.

  17. Pham et al. (2021) Vitamins, the gut microbiome and gastrointestinal health in humans. Nutrition Research, 95, 35-53. doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2021.09.001

    Reviews the two-way relationship between vitamins and the gut community in humans.

  18. Ravindra Pal Singh & Bhardwaj (2023) β-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1143682. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1143682

    Reviews β-glucans as a dietary input to the gut community and immune function.

  19. Richardson & Frese (2022) Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 988144. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.988144

    Reviews non-nutritive sweeteners across both microbiome and host physiology.

  20. Rusu et al. (2020) Iron Supplementation Influence on the Gut Microbiota and Probiotic Intake Effect in Iron Deficiency—A Literature-Based Review. Nutrients, 12(7), 1993. doi.org/10.3390/nu12071993

    Literature review of iron supplementation, the gut community, and probiotic intake in iron deficiency.

  21. Singh et al. (2020) The potential role of vitamin D supplementation as a gut microbiota modifier in healthy individuals. Scientific Reports, 10, 21641. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77806-4

    Studies vitamin D supplementation as a way of altering the gut community in healthy adults.

  22. Smiljanec & Lennon (2019) Sodium, hypertension, and the gut: does the gut microbiota go salty? American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 317(6), H1173–H1182. doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00312.2019

    Reviews dietary sodium, blood pressure and the gut community as a possible link between them.

  23. Sugizaki & Naves (2018) Potential Prebiotic Properties of Nuts and Edible Seeds and Their Relationship to Obesity. Nutrients, 10(11), 1645. doi.org/10.3390/nu10111645

    Reviews nuts and edible seeds as potential prebiotics, and their relationship to obesity.

  24. Tomova et al. (2019) The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diets on Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6(47). doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00047

    Reviews how vegetarian and vegan dietary patterns relate to gut community composition.

  25. Wang et al. (2022) Dietary Polyphenol, Gut Microbiota, and Health Benefits. Antioxidants, 11(6), 1212. doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061212

    Reviews dietary polyphenols, their interaction with gut bacteria, and the health effects studied.

  26. Wastyk et al. (2021) Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell, 184(16), 4137–4153. doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019

    A human trial comparing two gut-targeted diets — high fiber and high fermented food — with immune measures as an outcome.

  27. Zugravu et al. (2023) Beer and Microbiota: Pathways for a Positive and Healthy Interaction. Nutrients, 15(4), 844. doi.org/10.3390/nu15040844

    Reviews beer and its non-alcoholic components in relation to the gut community.

Drugs and supplements 18 papers

How common medications and supplements alter the gut microbiome — PPIs, metformin, statins, antibiotics and more. Relevant whenever a result has to be read alongside what someone is already taking.

  1. Bruno et al. (2019) Proton pump inhibitors and dysbiosis: Current knowledge and aspects to be clarified. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(22), 2706-2719. doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i22.2706

    Reviews what is established, and what is still unresolved, about proton pump inhibitors and gut bacterial composition.

  2. Caparrós-Martín et al. (2017) Statin therapy causes gut dysbiosis in mice through a PXR-dependent mechanism. Microbiome, 5(1), 1-15. doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0312-4

    A mouse study investigating a PXR-dependent route by which statin therapy shifts the gut community.

  3. Cheng et al. (2022) Interactions between gut microbiota and berberine, a necessary procedure to understand the mechanisms of berberine. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 12(4), 541-555. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2021.10.003

    Examines how berberine and gut bacteria act on each other, as groundwork for understanding how the compound works.

  4. Dias et al. (2020) Gut bacterial microbiome composition and statin intake—A systematic review. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 8(3), e00601. doi.org/10.1002/prp2.601

    Systematic review of studies comparing gut bacterial composition in people taking statins.

  5. Dou et al. (2022) Effect of Fructooligosaccharides Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14(16), 3298. doi.org/10.3390/nu14163298

    Systematic review and meta-analysis of human trials of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) supplementation.

  6. Ermolenko et al. (2022) Metformin Influence on the Intestinal Microbiota and Organism of Rats with Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12), 6837. doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126837

    Rat study of metformin's effect on the intestinal microbiota in metabolic syndrome.

  7. Li et al. (2020) RapidAIM: A culture-and metaproteomics-based Rapid Assay of Individual Microbiome responses to drugs. Microbiome, 8(1), 1-16. doi.org/10.1186/s40168-020-00806-z

    Describes an assay for testing how one individual's microbiome responds to particular drugs.

  8. Mahalak et al. (2023) Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) differentially modify the in vitro gut microbiota in an age-dependent manner. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 3212. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1058910

    In vitro work examining whether FOS affects the gut community differently across age groups.

  9. Nathwani et al. (2021) Review of Rifaximin: A Summary of the Current Evidence and Benefits Beyond Licensed Use. EMJ, 6(3), 94-99. doi.org/10.33590/emj/21-00026

    Summary of the evidence for rifaximin, including uses beyond its licensed indications.

  10. Ng et al. (2019) A systematic review of the use of rifaximin for Clostridium difficile infections. Anaerobe, 55, 35-39. doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.10.011

    Systematic review of rifaximin used against Clostridium difficile infection.

  11. Pélissier et al. (2010) Metronidazole effects on microbiota and mucus layer thickness in the rat gut. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 73(3), 601-610. doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00916.x

    Rat study of how metronidazole affects gut bacteria and the thickness of the protective mucus layer.

  12. Ponziani et al. (2017) Eubiotic properties of rifaximin: Disruption of the traditional concepts in gut microbiota modulation. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 23(25), 4491–4499. doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i25.4491

    Argues rifaximin should be understood as modulating the gut community rather than simply suppressing it.

  13. Silamiķele et al. (2021) Metformin strongly affects gut microbiome composition in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mouse model of both sexes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 626359. doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.626359

    Mouse study of metformin and gut composition in type 2 diabetes, analyzed separately by sex.

  14. Sjöstedt et al. (2021) Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and the Gut Microbiome: Significance of the Gut Microbiome in Relation to Mechanism of Action, Treatment Response, Side Effects, and Tachyphylaxis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 682868. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.682868

    Reviews how SSRIs and the gut microbiome interact, and what that may mean for treatment response and side effects.

  15. Vich Vila et al. (2020) Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Nature Communications, 11(1), 362. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14177-z

    Population-scale study relating widely used medications to gut composition and metabolic function.

  16. Wang et al. (2022) Resveratrol in Intestinal Health and Disease: Focusing on Intestinal Barrier. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 848400. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.848400

    Reviews resveratrol in intestinal health, with a focus on the gut barrier.

  17. Zhang et al. (2021) Effects of Berberine on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10, 588517. doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.588517

    Reviews the reported effects of berberine on gastrointestinal bacteria.

  18. Zhang & Hu (2020) Effects of Metformin on the Gut Microbiota in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13, 5003–5014. doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s286430

    Reviews metformin and the gut microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

These are independent, third-party publications cited in the back of the GutID report. They are not GutID research — our own peer-reviewed work on the Titan-1 platform is listed separately on the publications page. The notes describe what each paper covers; they are not summaries of its findings.

Looking for our own research?

The peer-reviewed work on the Titan-1 platform is listed separately.

GutID publications →See the science →
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