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Publications

The published work behind Titan-1.

Work using the long-read approach behind Titan-1, the method papers it rests on and a few related collaborations: studies in people, method development, and animal and environmental research. The two entries that are not journal articles, a thesis and a preprint, are marked.

A report’s food and supplement suggestions draw on a separate library: the evidence base.

30+peer-reviewed publications, by theme

  • Sequencing methods7
  • Gut and digestive health3
  • Maternal and infant health5
  • Gut–brain and behavior4
  • Metabolic and systemic health2
  • Clinical diagnostics2
  • Animal and environmental10
Peer-reviewed articleThesis or preprint (2)

All publications

These papers are about the platform: how the long-read approach behind Titan-1 sequences a sample and how precisely it resolves organisms. They are not evidence for what a change in diet or supplements will do.

Sequencing methods 7

2022

Foundational

Finding the right fit: evaluation of short-read and long-read sequencing approaches to maximize the utility of clinical microbiome data

Short-read and long-read approaches compared head to head, and where each one’s resolution runs out.

Gehrig et al., Microbial Genomics, 2022. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000794

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2021

Foundational

High-resolution differentiation of enteric bacteria in premature infant fecal microbiomes using a novel rRNA amplicon

The paper introducing the long rRNA amplicon the platform is built on, applied to enteric bacteria in preterm infants.

Graf et al., mBio, 2021. doi:10.1128/mbio.03656-20

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2024

Improved DNA extraction and amplification strategy for 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based microbiome studies

Extraction and amplification choices, which decide what DNA reaches the sequencer in the first place.

Hong et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024. doi:10.3390/ijms25052966

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2025

Comparison of lysis and amplification methodologies for optimal 16S rRNA gene profiling for human and mouse microbiome studies

Direct comparison of lysis and amplification methods, the step that decides which organisms are recoverable at all.

Rastegari et al., International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, 26:1-15.

2023

Analysis of microbial composition and sharing in low-biomass human milk samples: a comparison of DNA isolation and sequencing techniques

How isolation and sequencing choices change the answer in low-biomass samples, where method artifacts are hardest to separate from biology.

Spreckels et al., ISME Communications, 2023. doi:10.1038/s43705-023-00325-6

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2022

MinION nanopore sequencing of skin microbiome 16S and 16S-23S rRNA gene amplicons

Compares a short 16S target against the longer 16S-23S region on the same samples.

Rozas et al., Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2022. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.806476

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2024

Fecal microbiome composition and diversity of cryopreserved stool at different duration and storage conditions

Storage and cryopreservation effects on stool, relevant to how a mailed sample is handled before it reaches a lab.

Barko et al., PLOS ONE, 2024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294730

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Gut and digestive health 3

2023

Mucosal microbiome in patients with early bowel polyps: inferences from short-read and long-read 16S rRNA sequencing

Early bowel polyps profiled with both short-read and long-read 16S, in the same patients.

Welham et al., Cancers, 2023. doi:10.3390/cancers15205045

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2023

Intestinal dysbiosis as an intraoperative predictor of septic complications

Human surgical cohorts plus preclinical models, testing whether intestinal dysbiosis carries predictive information.

Spari et al., Scientific Reports, 2023. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49034-z

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2024

Identification of age-associated microbial changes via long-read 16S sequencing

Age-associated shifts in the gut community, resolved with long-read 16S.

Toh et al., Gut Pathogens, 2024. doi:10.1186/s13099-024-00650-8

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Maternal and infant health 5

2023

High-resolution microbiome analysis reveals exclusionary Klebsiella species competition in preterm infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis

Species-level competition between Klebsiella in preterm infants, a distinction that is invisible at genus level.

Coleman et al., Scientific Reports, 2023. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34735-2

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2024

Dysbiotic vaginal microbiota induces preterm birth cascade via pathogenic molecules in the vagina

Vaginal microbiota and the preterm birth cascade.

Ansari et al., Metabolites, 2024. doi:10.3390/metabo14010045

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2021

The assessment of microbiome changes and fecal volatile organic compounds during experimental necrotizing enterocolitis

Microbiome change tracked alongside fecal volatile organic compounds in experimental NEC.

Hosfield et al., Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.02.043

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2023

Chondroitin sulfate supplementation improves clinical outcomes in a murine model of necrotizing enterocolitis

A supplementation intervention assessed against outcomes in a murine NEC model.

Manohar et al., Physiological Reports, 2023. doi:10.14814/phy2.15819

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2024

Thesis

The role of maternal exercise in shaping the offspring gut microbiome

Maternal exercise and the offspring gut microbiome. Listed in the Intus bibliography as a university repository record rather than a journal article.

Togliatti, 2024. Ohio State University Knowledge Bank.

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Gut–brain and behavior 4

2024

Associations between gut microbiota characteristics and non-motor symptoms following pharmacological and surgical treatments in Parkinson disease patients

Gut microbiota characteristics against non-motor symptoms in Parkinson disease, across treatment types.

Gorecka-Mazur et al., Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 2024. doi:10.1111/nmo.14846

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2023

Maternal anxiety, depression, and stress affects offspring gut microbiome diversity and bifidobacterial abundances

Maternal psychological state against measured diversity and bifidobacterial abundance in offspring.

Galley et al., Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2023. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.005

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2024

Stress and depression-associated shifts in gut microbiota: a pilot study of human pregnancy

Pilot human pregnancy study of stress- and depression-associated shifts in the gut community.

Rajasekera et al., Brain, Behavior and Immunity - Health, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100730

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2023

The microbial community dynamics of cocaine sensitization in two behaviorally divergent strains of collaborative cross mice

Community dynamics tracked against a behavioral phenotype in two genetically distinct mouse strains.

Tran et al., Genes, Brain and Behavior, 2023. doi:10.1111/gbb.12845

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Metabolic and systemic health 2

2023

High-resolution taxonomic characterization reveals novel human microbial strains with potential as risk factors and probiotics for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

Strain-level characterization surfacing previously undescribed human strains in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Hendricks et al., Microorganisms, 2023. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11030758

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2022

Bone loss is ameliorated by fecal microbiota transplantation through the SCFA/GPR41/IGF1 pathway in sickle cell disease mice

A mechanistic route from gut community to bone, via short-chain fatty acid signaling, in a disease model.

Xiao et al., Scientific Reports, 2022. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25244-9

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Clinical diagnostics 2

2023

Development of a biomarker signature using grating-coupled fluorescence plasmonic microarray for diagnosis of MIS-C

A biomarker signature for diagnosing MIS-C. Included in the Intus bibliography as a collaboration; it is a diagnostics paper rather than a microbiome sequencing one.

Maltz-Matyschsyk et al., Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2023. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1066391

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2017

Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for identification of Escherichia coli, Escherichia albertii, and Escherichia fergusonii

Distinguishing closely related Escherichia species, the same identification problem long-read resolution addresses at scale.

Lindsey et al., Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2017.06.005

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Animal and environmental 10

2025

Evaluation of 16S long read metabarcoding for characterizing the microbiome and Salmonella contamination of retail poultry meat

Long-read metabarcoding applied to food safety surveillance.

Tobar et al., Journal of Food Protection, 2025, 88(2):100434. doi:10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100434

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2024

Microbial populations vary between the upper and lower respiratory tract, but not within biogeographic regions of the lung of healthy horses

Body-site resolution of microbial populations in healthy horses.

Bishop et al., Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105141

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2024

Stability of gastric fluid and fecal microbial populations in healthy horses under pasture and stable conditions

Baseline stability of microbial populations under changing environmental conditions.

Bishop et al., Animals, 2024. doi:10.3390/ani14202979

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2021

Species-level gut microbiota analysis after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in horses

Species-level tracking of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis and what follows it.

Di Pietro et al., Animals, 2021. doi:10.3390/ani11102859

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2023

Investigation of the vaginal microbiota of dairy cows through genetic sequencing of short and long reads, and associations with gestational status

Short-read and long-read sequencing compared on the same samples, against a physiological outcome.

Souza et al., PLOS ONE, 2023. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290026

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2021

Multi-omics characterization of host-derived Bacillus spp. probiotics for improved growth performance in poultry

Strain-level characterization of candidate probiotic organisms.

Susanti et al., Frontiers in Microbiology, 2021. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.747845

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2022

Growth promotion and antibiotic induced metabolic shifts in the chicken gut microbiome

Metabolic shifts in a gut community following antibiotic exposure.

Plata et al., Communications Biology, 2022. doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03239-6

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2022

Preprint

Interactions between time on diet, antibiotic treatment, and liver abscess development on the fecal microbiome of beef cattle

Diet duration, antibiotic treatment and disease development considered together. Posted as a preprint and not peer reviewed.

Plata et al., bioRxiv, 2022 (preprint). doi:10.1101/2022.09.16.508319

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2023

Metagenomics and metabarcoding experimental choices and their impact on microbial community characterization in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems

How experimental choices change the community you appear to measure.

Rieder et al., Environmental Microbiome, 2023. doi:10.1186/s40793-023-00459-z

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2022

Microbial community analysis and food safety practice survey-based hazard identification and risk assessment for controlled environment hydroponic and aquaponic farming systems

Community analysis applied to hazard identification in controlled-environment agriculture.

Dong and Feng, Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.879260

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Two libraries

Two separate reference libraries.

The platform papers show how Titan-1 reads a sample. What a change in diet or supplements might do is a different question, with its own literature, and the report cites that separately.

30+peer-reviewed publications

The platform research

Work using the long-read approach behind Titan-1, and the method papers it rests on: how the platform sequences, how precisely it resolves organisms and how it was validated, across human clinical, method development, and animal and environmental studies.

This page

94papers

The evidence base

The independent, third-party literature cited in the back of every GutID report: how gut bacteria relate to the systems a report reads, and what is known about diet, supplements and medication changing the gut community. It is not GutID research.

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Logging a returned sample: gloved hands take the collection tube out of its return mailer